Many phenomena occurring on the earths lithosphere are of geological origin, having its cause in magma accumulations on the earths surface or below it. So are earthquakes, tsunamis, climate changes, hurricanes, tornadoes, waterspouts, El Nin ̃o - La Nin ̃a oscillations, oceanic current flows, fisheries, or giant landslides, inclusive magnetic field changes and reversals. All these processes are usually con- ducted by magma flows produced by strength failure, which are ultimately due to ”spontaneous broken symmetry ” of the gravitational elastic stress field of the earth. But not only magma flows induce catastrophes: Life itself, bio diversity and human races have been modeled by volcanism and magma emissions, most likely through water contamination and vapor emissions. Magma accumulations near the earths crust can be detected by observing the variations in the earth electric field, hence many catastrophes can be predicted.

Theoretical basis: A liquid layer.

It is usually recognized that the Lithosphere is the solid outermost part of the earth, a somewhat Brittle layer above the Asthenosphere, that includes the oceanic and continental crust, down to a depth at a temperature of 1000 ◦C , where olivine minerals change into a plastic state. The lower boundary of the Lithosphere is not well determined as there is a continuous variation of the temperature with depth in this layer, and down through the Asthenosphere. At a depth of 231 km, Geophysics has shown a discontinuity in the density of materials, obtained from the analysis of propagation of longitudinal and transversal seismic waves. It is interesting to show

Earth Lithosphere Dynamics, from Theoretical Physics.⃝c Luis Blas Cabrera, 2011, Tenerife.1that the existence of a discontinuity at this depth fits well with the observation by Gutenberg that, all around the globe, signals at 15◦ from the epicenter of an earthquake, experiences a significant amplification. This has been studied by the author [1] where it was shown that, if a strong discontinuity is considered at the depth of 231 km, then an amplification of P and S waves is obtained at the 15◦ earth angle given by Gutenberg, for a seism at 15 km depth.

Abstract:

“EARTH LITHOSPHERE DYNAMICS, FROM THEORETICAL PHYSICS.”